Association between thyroid autoimmunity and Helicobacter pylori infection

BACKGROUND/AIMS: There have been controversial reports linking Helicobacter pylori infection to autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). However, data regarding the relationship are limited for Asian populations, which have an extremely high prevalence of H. pylori infection. We performed this study to investigate the association between H. pylori infection and AITD in Koreans. METHODS: This study involved adults aged 30 to 70 years who had visited a health promotion center. A total of 5,502 subjects were analysed. Thyroid status was assessed by free thyroxine, thyroid stimulating hormone, and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab). Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to H. pylori were measured as an indication of H. pylori infection. We compared the prevalence of TPO-Ab in subjects with and without H. pylori infection. RESULTS: H. pylori IgG antibodies were found in 2,875 subjects (52.3%), and TPO-Ab were found in 430 (7.8%). Individuals positive for H. pylori Ab were older than those negative for H. pylori Ab (p < 0.01). The proportion of females was significantly higher in the TPO-Ab positive group (41.0% vs. 64.2%, p < 0.01). Prevalence of TPO-Ab positivity was higher in subjects with H. pylori infection (8.6% vs. 7.00%, p = 0.03), and this association was significant after adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index (odds ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.00 to 1.03; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: In our study, prevalence of TPO-Ab positivity is more frequent in subjects with H. pylori infection. Our findings suggest H. pylori infection may play a role in the development of autoimmune thyroiditis.

Four Cases of Malignant Pleural Effusion in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Papillary thyroid carcinoma could be a rare cause of malignant pleural effusion. The development of malignant pleural effusion in patients with papillary thyroid cancer is an extremely adverse prognostic indicator. Here, we report four cases that showed development of malignant pleural effusion during the clinical course of the papillary thyroid carcinoma and consider the prognosis. In four patients, the median survival time after the development of malignant pleural effusion was only 17 months.

Metastatic Lung Nodule of Thyroid Papillary Carcinoma, Mimicking Primary Lung Cancer / 대한갑상선학회지

No abstract available.

Predictive Factor for Therapeutic Results after Intravenous Glucocorticoid Therapy in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy / 대한갑상선학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Little has been known for factors predicting improvement of proptosis in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) after intravenous (IV) glucocorticoid therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of IV glucocorticoid therapy and to find factor predicting treatment outcomes in patients with TAO. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-two consecutive patients with TAO treated by IV glucocorticoid from 2000 to 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. They received IV methylprednisolone of 7.0 g over 18 weeks. Before and after treatment, patients underwent orbital CT for assessment of proptosis and extraocular muscle hypertrophy, and physical examination for clinical activity score (CAS). RESULTS: Thirteen patients (31%) showed improvement in proptosis after therapy. High extraocular muscle diameter index was an independent predictor for improvement in proptosis (odds ratio=1.25, p=0.03). Smoking, age, gender and initial CAS did not predict improvement. Seven of 16 patients with initial CAS or =3 (77%) showed improvement in diplopia after treatment (p=0.002). Of patients with CAS> or =3, patients with intermittent, inconstant and constant diplopia showed improvement in diplopia in 100%, 80% and 63%, respectively. Of patients with CAS<3, patients showed improvement in 80%, 33% and 20%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Presence of extraocular muscle hypertrophy was the only factor predicting improvement in proptosis after IV glucocorticoid therapy. In patients with TAO, IV glucocorticoid therapy could be considered to improve proptosis when they present with increased extraocular muscle diameter, or to improve diplopia especially when they also have high initial CAS.

Comparison of Different Staging Systems for Predicting Recurrence of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Various staging systems for thyroid cancer that focus on cancer specific death have been suggested, but this approach had a limitation due to the relatively long clinical course and very low rate of cancer death. This study was performed to evaluate the staging systems and to determine the most predictive staging system for predicting recurrence. METHODS: The patients who underwent first total or near total thyroidectomy due to papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) at Asan Medical Center between January 1995 and December 2001 were the subjects of this study. The commonly used 8 staging systems were applied to these subjects. Disease free survival (DFS) and the relative importance of each staging system were determined by the Kaplan-Meier method, the Cox-proportional hazards model and the proportion of variation in the survival time explained (PVE). RESULTS: A total of 952 patients (M = 117, F = 835) were enrolled and their mean age was 45 years. During a median of 10 years of follow-up, 146 (15.3%) of 952 patients had recurred tumor. The independent prognostic factors were male gender, tumor size, extrathyroidal invasion and cervical lymph node metastasis. Risk stratification according to the American thyroid association (ATA) guideline was the most predictive staging system for recurrence of PTC (PVE 88.6%). The staging systems from EORTC (PVE 79.5%), and MACIS (PVE 68.4%) had significant values for predicting recurrence of PTC. The stage of NTCTCS could not predict recurrence (PVE 4.5%, P = 0.11). CONCLUSION: Risk stratification according to the ATA was most predictive staging system for predicting recurrence of PTC. The MACIS and EORTC staging systems have good value for predicting recurrence of PTC.

Postoperative Findings of the Cytological Diagnosis of Follicular Neoplasm or Hurthle Cell Neoplasm and the Risk of Malignancy

BACKGROUND: Follicular neoplasm (FN) or Hurthle cell neoplasm (HN) is a less well understood pitfall when evaluating thyroid nodule with fine-needle aspiration (FNA). This study aimed to determine the rates of malignancy and the predictive factors for malignancy in thyroid nodules with a cytological diagnosis of FN or HN. METHODS: The patients who were cytologically diagnosed as having FN or HN after FNA between 1995 and 2004 at Asan Medical Center were included in this study. We collected the pathology data until 2009 and we analyzed the clinical characteristics associated with malignancy. RESULTS: A total 478 patients were cytologically diagnosed as having FN or HN during the study period and 327 (68%) among them underwent thyroid surgery. Thyroid malignancy was confirmed in 157 (48%) of 327 patients. Malignancy was confirmed in 124 patients with FN (124/253, 49%). They were 48 papillary, 65 follicular, 7 Hurthle cell and 3 medullary carcinomas and 1 anaplastic carcinoma. The malignancy in the cases of HN (33/71, 44.6%) was 9 papillary, 4 follicular and 20 Hurthle cell carcinomas. The risk of malignancy was not associated with male gender, a larger tumor size (> 4 cm) or the diagnosis of HN. However, an age below 20 years (RR 3.6, P = 0.03) and above 60 years (RR 2.3, P = 0.04) was associated with an increased risk of malignancy. CONCLUSION: About half of the patients with FN or HN on FNA cytology were diagnosed as having thyroid cancer after surgery. The malignancy rate for the cytologic diagnosis of HN was similar to that for FN. Thyroid surgery should be recommended for this situation, and especially for patients younger than 20 years or older than 60 years.

Factors Influencing Peripheral Conversion of Thyroxine to Tri-Iodothyronine in Athyreotic Individuals during Levothyroxine Replacement

BACKGROUND: Tri-iodothyronine (T3) is the main active hormone, and 20% of this is derived from the thyroid gland and 80% is from the peripheral tissue according to 5'-monodeiodination of thyroxine (T4). In the previous studies, normal T3 levels were achieved with traditional levothyroxine (LT4) therapy alone in athyreotic patients, but there has been no data about the factors influencing peripheral conversion of LT4. The aim of this study was to determine the factor(s) influencing peripheral conversion of LT4 to T3 in athyreotic patients during LT4 replacement. METHODS: The patients who underwent total-thyroidectomy for any cause, and mostly for thyroid cancers, at Asan Medical Center between 2000 and 2008 were enrolled. The free T4, T3 and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and age, gender, weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and the T4 dose were measured. Only patients with normal ranges of free T4 and TSH were included in the analysis. RESULTS: A total of 143 patients were enrolled. The mean T3, free T4 and TSH levels were 143.7 ng/dL, 1.4 ng/dL and 1.6 microU/mL, respectively. The mean weight and BMI were 62.9 kg and 24.6 kg/m2, respectively. We divided them into two groups according to the serum T3 level and we compared the characteristics of the groups. There were no differences in age, the gender distribution, the T4 dose/weight and the BMI between the low T3 group (T3 122 ng/dL, n = 129). In the low T3 group, the mean body weight was significantly lower than that of the normal T3 group (59.0 +/- 6.0 vs. 63.4 +/- 9.9, respectively, P = 0.025). CONCLUSION: Lean body mass seems to be an important factor for determining the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 in human. This suggest that a combination of T3/T4 is better than T4 only when we treat the patients with hypothyroidism and who have a negligible amount of functioning thyroid tissue, if they have a low lean body mass.

Lack of Association between Serum Cystatin C Levels and Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetic Patients / 당뇨병

BACKGROUND: Serum cystatin C level is a more sensitive marker of renal dysfunction than serum creatinine level. Serum cystatin C level was recently reported to predict the development of cardiovascular disease. This study was performed to evaluate whether the cystatin C level is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD), independent of diabetic nephropathy. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study to assess the relationship between serum cystatin C level and coronary artery disease in diabetic patients. Among 460 diabetic patients, 38 diabetic patients had CAD. The control group consisted of 38 diabetic patients who were matched to cases by age, sex, and presence/absence of diabetic nephropathy. Serum cystatin C level was measured in stored samples. RESULTS: Serum cystatin C level was significantly higher in patients with diabetic nephropathy, both in CAD and non-CAD patients. However, serum cystatin C level did not differ between CAD and non-CAD patients, regardless of diabetic nephropathy. CONCLUSION: Serum cystatin C level is a marker of renal dysfunction, but not coronary artery disease, in diabetic patients.

Effect of sunitinib on the proliferation and survival of FRTL-5 cells / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Hypothyroidism has been reported in 36~85% of patients treated with sunitinib for renal cell carcinoma or gastrointestinal stromal tumor. However, the mechanism behind this hypothyroidism is unclear. This study evaluated the effects of sunitinib, a multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on the survival and proliferation of thyrocytes using FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells. METHODS: We examined the effect of sunitinib on cell proliferation in the presence and absence of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in a colorimetric assay. Effects on the cell cycle were evaluated by flow cytometry, and on apoptosis using an annexin V apoptosis assay kit and by immunoblotting for caspase-3. Immunoblotting was also used to evaluate changes in the levels of intracellular proteins associated with the G1-S phase of the cell cycle. RESULTS: Sunitinib suppressed the proliferation of FRTL-5 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This suppressive effect was enhanced by the presence of TSH (1 mU/mL). Sunitinib was subsequently shown, in flow cytometric analyses, to arrest the cell cycle at the G1-S phase. Furthermore, it induced apoptosis at a high concentration (15 micrometer) by activating caspase-3. G1-S phase arrest was associated with the induction of p27(kip1) and p21(cip1), whose expression is suppressed by TSH under control conditions. Sunitinib also decreased intracellular levels of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 in FRTL-5 cells. CONCLUSIONS: Sunitinib induced apoptosis in and suppressed the proliferation of FRTL-5 cells. Its suppression of proliferation was further enhanced by the presence of TSH. Sunitinib arrested the cell cycle in the G1-S phase by inducing the expression of p27(kip1)/p21(cip1), which are suppressed by TSH under normal conditions. Collectively, these findings suggest that sunitinib may interfere with TSH signaling pathways in normal thyrocytes.

Anti-GAD Antibody in Patients with Adult-Onset Diabetes in Korea / 당뇨병

BACKGROUND: It is well known that the clinical characteristics of diabetes mellitus in Korean people are different from those of Western people. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the anti-GAD antibody (GADA) in a large number of Korean patients with adult-onset diabetes. METHODS: The GADA was measured by radioimmunoassay for 11,472 adult-onset diabetic patients who visited the Asan Medical Center from 1998 to 2007. According to the fasting C-peptide levels, we classified the patients into an insulin dependent diabetes mellitus group (IDDM; C-peptide or = 1.0 ng/mL). Other clinical and laboratory data were obtained from medical records. RESULTS: Among the 11,147 diabetic patients, 9,250 patients were classified as NIDDM, 922 patients were classified as IDDM and 975 patients excluded. Within the latter group 472 patients were to absolute insulin deficient (C-peptide or = 40 years of age; 3.8%). The GADA-positive NIDDM patients had lower C-peptide and BMI levels, and higher rates of typical diabetic symptoms and insulin treatment. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of GADA in Korean patients with IDDM and NIDDM was lower than that reported in Western populations. It is thus suggested that autoimmunity is a rarer cause of diabetes in Korean people. However, since over 10% of younger-onset NIDDM patients were positive for GADA, routine GADA measurement in such patients is recommended.

A case of lactic acidosis caused by thiamine deficiency / 대한내과학회지

Lactic acidosis commonly occurs in association with shock. We encountered lactic acidosis in a patient with normal blood pressure. The patient was a 17 year-old man with acute lymphocytic leukemia. He was admitted for bone marrow transplantation. During hospitalization, he relied on total parenteral nutrition due to his poor oral intake. On the 37th day after admission, he developed lactic acidosis without an episode of hypotension or any causative medication. Because vitamins were not included in the parenteral nutrition, we prescribed thiamine replacement, and this corrected the acidosis within a few hours. Thiamine (in its active derivative) is a coenzyme for pyruvate dehydrogenase; thus, its deficiency causes accumulation of pyruvate and lactate. This case suggests that thiamine deficiency should be included in a differential diagnosis of lactic acidosis in patients who are on total parenteral nutrition without vitamin supplementation.

Thirteen Cases of Intrahepatic Biliary Cystadenoma and Cystadenocarcinoma: A Single Center Experience / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Biliary cystadenoma (BCA) and biliary cystadenocarcinoma (BCACa) are rare cystic neoplasms that usually arise from the liver. We reviewed the clinicopathologic and radiologic findings of 13 cases of intrahepatic biliary cystic neoplasms. METHODS: Seven patients with BCA and 6 patients with BCACa which were pathologically proven within past 10 years were included in this retrospective study. RESULTS: BCA (7 of 7) was more common in female compared to BCACa (4 of 6). Mean age at diagnosis was 53.4 years (BCA) and 58.5 years (BCACa). Abdominal pain (54%) was the most common presenting symptom. Eleven patients (61.5%) exhibited normal liver function profiles and 5 patients (38%) showed elevated levels of serum CA19-9 levels (mean 894.2 U/mL, range: 78.7-2,080). Mean size of tumor was 11.7 cm (range: 5-15). Most frequent radiologic finding was a single cystic mass with septation. BCACa tended to have intracystic solid portion. The cut surface revealed a unilocular or multilocular cystic mass with mucinous contents. Complete surgical excision was done in 12 patients. After the complete resection, recurrence was observed in 1 case of BCACa. CONCLUSIONS: The possibility of biliary cystic neoplasm should be suspected when an intrahepatic cystic lesion with multiseptation or solid portion is noted on imaging study. In addition, complete excision for definite diagnosis and treatment need to be performed.